Everything about Principle Of Relativity totally explained
A
principle of relativity is a criterion for judging
physical theories, stating that they're inadequate if they don't prescribe the exact same laws of physics in certain similar situations. These types of principles have been successfully applied throughout
science, whether implicitly (as in
Newtonian mechanics) or explicitly (as in
Albert Einstein's
special relativity and
general relativity).
History of Relativity
Basic relativity principles
Certain principles of relativity have been widely assumed in most scientific disciplines. One of the most wide spread is the belief that any
law of nature should be the same at all times; and scientific investigations generally assume that laws of nature are the same regardless of the person measuring them. These sorts of principles have been incorporated into scientific inquiry at the most fundamental of levels.
Any principle of relativity prescribes a
symmetry in natural law: that is, the laws must look the same to one observer as they do to another. According to a deep theoretical result called
Noether's theorem, any such symmetry will also imply a
conservation law alongside. For example, if two observers at different times see the same laws, then a quantity called
energy will be
conserved. In this light, relativity principles are not just statements about how scientists should write laws: they make testable predictions about how nature behaves.
Special principle of relativity
The
special principle of relativity states that physical laws should be the same in all
inertial reference frames, but that they may vary across non-inertial ones. It has been used in both
Newtonian mechanics and
Special relativity; for the latter, its influence was so strong that
Max Planck named the theory after the principle.
The principle forces physical laws to be the same in any vehicle moving at constant velocity as they're in a vehicle at rest. A consequence is that an observer in an inertial reference frame can't determine an absolute speed or direction of their travel in space; they may only speak of their travel relative to some other object.
The principle doesn't extend this property to noninertial reference frames because those frames do not, in general experience, seem to abide by the same laws of physics -- for example, people often feel
fictitious forces when their reference frames accelerate.
In Newtonian mechanics
The special principle of relativity was first
explicitly enunciated by
Galileo Galilei in 1639 in his
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, using the metaphor of
Galileo's ship.
Newtonian mechanics added to the special principle several other concepts--various laws and an assumption of an
absolute time. When formulated in the context of these laws, the special principle of relativity states that the laws of physics are
invariant under a
Galilean transformation.
In special relativity
In the late 19th century,
Henri Poincaré suggested that the principle of relativity holds for all laws of nature.
Joseph Larmor and
Hendrik Lorentz discovered that
Maxwell's equations, the cornerstone of
electromagnetism, were invariant only by a certain change of time and length units. This left quite a bit of confusion among physicists, many of whom thought that a
luminiferous aether is incompatible with the relativity principle.
In their
1905 papers on
electrodynamics, Henri Poincaré and
Albert Einstein explained that with the
Lorentz transformations the relativity principle holds perfectly. Einstein elevated the (special) principle of relativity to an
axiom of the theory and derived the Lorentz transformations from this principle combined with the principle of the independence of the speed of light (in vacuum) from the motion of the source. These two principles were reconciled with each other (in Einstein's treatment, though not in Poincare's) by a re-examination of the fundamental meanings of space and time intervals.
The strength of special relativity lies in its derivation from simple, basic principles, including the
invariance of the laws of physics under a shift of
inertial reference frames and the invariance of the speed of light. (See also:
Lorentz covariance.)
General principle of relativity
The
general principle of relativity states that physical laws are the same in
all reference frames -- inertial or non-inertial. An accelerated charged particle might emit
synchrotron radiation, though a particle at rest doesn't. If we consider now the same accelerated charged particle in its non-inertial rest frame, it emits radiation at rest.
Physics in non-inertial reference frames was historically treated by a
coordinate transformation, first, to an inertial reference frame, performing the necessary calculations therein, and using another to return to the non-inertial reference frame. In most such situations, the same laws of physics can be used if certain predictable
fictitious forces are added into consideration; an example is a uniformly
rotating reference frame, which can be treated as an inertial reference frame if one adds a fictitious
centrifugal force and
Coriolis force into consideration.
The problems involved are not always so trivial. Special relativity predicts that an observer in an inertial reference frame doesn't see objects they'd describe as moving faster than the speed of light. However, in the non-inertial reference frame of
Earth, treating a spot on the Earth as a fixed point, the stars are observed to move in the sky, circling once about the Earth per day. Since the stars are light years away, this observation means that, in the non-inertial reference frame of the Earth, anybody who looks at the stars is seeing objects which appear, to them, to be moving faster than the speed of light.
Since non-inertial reference frames don't abide by the special principle of relativity, such situations are not
self-contradictory.
General relativity
General relativity was developed by Einstein in the years
1907 -
1915. General relativity postulates that the
global Lorentz covariance of special relativity becomes a
local Lorentz covariance in the presence of matter. The presence of
matter "curves"
spacetime, and this
curvature affects the path of free particles (and even the path of light). General relativity uses the mathematics of
differential geometry and
tensors in order to describe
gravitation as an effect of the
geometry of
spacetime. Einstein based this new theory on the general principle of relativity, and he named the theory after the underlying principle.
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